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M45

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The M45 Chemical-Biological Mask System was fielded and adopted in 1996 in order to replace the M43 Type II and M24 Chemical-Biological Aircraft Masks, as well as to provide a modular mask platform for USSOCOM Ground Forces. Stemming from one-mask joint branch development experimentation in the early 1990's, the M45 initially sought to replace all masks in service with the U.S. Armed Forces, but due to logistical and ultimately legal issues, only entered service in the aforementioned roles. The mask itself features a sleek, streamlined facepiece made of silicone rubber with butyl secondary skin and hood, a drinking system with the M1 Quick-Disconnect Drinking Adapter for hydrating in contaminated environments, integral ports to accommodate the M-133/U Dynamic or Land Warrior Microphone/Positioner, Front and Side Kapton Film Voice Emitters, and close-fitting elliptical eye lenses that are shaped to improve peripheral vision while allowing seamless compatibility with night vision and other optical equipment.

It is notable that all plastic parts of the mask are ultrasonic welded, a process which has never been applied to a protective mask in the past.

Prototype and Development[]

By the end of the 1980's, the U.S. Armed Forces was equipped with a plethora of various protective masks in service - the Army and USMC Ground Forces had M17 Series and M40 Masks, Armored Crews had the M25 Series Masks, Army Aircrews had the M43 and M43A1 as well as the older ABC-M24, and not to mention the U.S. Navy with the MCU-2/P and older ND Mk.V Masks. Developed sometime around (or just before) 1990 by the Edgewood Chemical-Biological Center in conjunction with ILC Dover, the XM44 was a unique combination of the best the M40, MCU-2/P, and M43 Masks had to offer. In 1990, the Soldier Integrated Protective Ensemble (SIPE) program was enacted to test various Protective Garments part of the Advanced Clothing System (ACS), CB Integration with Weapons Systems, computer-aided visual augmentation, and of course, new Protective Mask designs. The primary protective mask design involved with all of the phases of the SIPE program was the XM44 Series.

It used a sleek, black silicone facepiece with side canister ports, central voicemitter, and rubber-shrouded outlet valve assembly with integral drinking tube. The most unique feature of the XM44 series was its small, elliptical lenses, similar to the M43's, which were positioned close to the eyes to offer peripheral vision while allowing for integration with optical instruments, such as the novel Helmet-Mounted Display Systems being tested during SIPE. The masks came standard with a brown butyl-coated nylon protective hood with integral butyl secondary skin, a pair of lens outserts, a C2 Canister, and occasionally an M15A1 Carrier Bag, similar to that used by the M17 Series.

XM44 Develomental Protective Mask

The "Respiratory Protective Device (RPD)" - a Modification of the XM44 assembled for SIPE Trials that added lower-profile lens frames, an M7 Voice Projection Unit (VPU), an Auxiliary Blower Assembly, and a "Hydration Liquid Nutrient (HLN)" Device. Source: Natick Soldier Systems Research & Development Labs.

As its main intended design purpose was to address the lack of adaptability in previous gas mask designs, multiple hardware variations of the XM44 series facepiece can be noted, including adaptations featuring a basic M40-style voicemitter and an XM33-style outlet valve mic housing (XM45), and some featuring an MCU-2A/P-style voicemitter with integral mic assembly and a basic MCU-2/P outlet valve (XM46). Additionally, some models of the XM45 lacked lens crimping and used glued-in lenses, similar to the M43, while others such as the RPD modified a basic XM44 by adding a shrink-wrapped coating over the lens crimping to better interface with optics and resist debris. Like older prototype masks, a variant existed for several basic military roles:

  • XM44 Infantry Mask (No Microphone)
  • XM44 Respiratory Protective Device/RPD (Modified Low-Profile Lenses without Crimps, M43A1 Auxiliary Blower, used for SIPE Testing and Trials)
  • XM45 Aircrew (Microphone on Outlet Valve)
  • XM46 Armor Crew (Project abandoned by 1995)
  • XM47 (Proposed designation of the Land Warrior XM45 Variant, dropped in 1997)

The SIPE Program had came and went and no serious interest was given to the XM44 platform as a "one mask, all branches" design, however the U.S. Army showed a particular interest in refining the aircrew design into what would become known as the XM45 to replace the M43 series masks for all aircrews except Apache pilots, as the M43 proved complex and expensive to mass-produce.

XM45 Chemical-Biological Aircraft Mask (Post-SIPE)[]

XM45 Prototype Mask

A post-SIPE XM45 Aircraft Mask. Notice the lower-profile hardware and lack of lens frames. It is unknown whether these valve/voicemitter body upgrades were constructed of metal or plastic. Glued-in lenses were a design feature carried over from the M43 Series Masks.

With full-scale adoption of the XM44 Series Masks no longer possible, the U.S. Army focused its attention to further developing and adopting the aircraft model, which then on became known as the XM45 Aircraft Gas Mask. It was intended as a lighter-weight, easier to produce replacement for the M43/M43A1 Type II and ABC-M24 Masks. The molds were updated to incorporate larger eyepieces without frames and a more streamlined arrangement of valves and voicemitters. The valve and voicemitter hardware was improved from the XM44 and may have even been an early attempt at plastic components. The design kept the original XM44 Hood and continued to be tested and evaluated with little to no change to its overall hardware and function until the mid-1990's, when a major overhaul of the hardware came about.


M45 Chemical-Biological Mask[]

Enter Campbell Plastics[]

Transparent M45 (3)

A display model XM45 (XM47 configuration) made of transparent silicone, in order to better show off Campbell's unique 'sonic-welding' process. Notice the Optical Inserts.

Around 1995-96, Richard Campbell of Corona, California-based Campbell Plastics Engineering & Manufacturing Inc. (previously named "Venture Plastics Incorporated" at the beginning of the contract) reached the end goal of a $9 Million development project that he had been working on for the U.S. Army since September 1992. After a long series of trial and error, Campbell had designed plastic components for the XM45 to replace the bulkier integrally-molded metal ones, not only reducing weight, but also production costs. A unique ultrasonic welding process was developed that melted the components together on the facepiece using a high frequency vibration.

The new XM45 design would come in 5 sizes from 'Extra Small' to 'Large' with 6 interchangeable nosecup sizes from 'Extra Small' to 'Extra Large', resulting in a total of 11 possible size combinations. As a part of the hardware redesigns, Campbell also integrated the microphone port within the outlet assembly, and fit tolerances were so fine that there would be no exposed silicone anywhere on the mask once the secondary skin was installed. The only legacy components left over from the M40/MCU-2/P series masks were the 7/8" Brass Slider Buckles for the Head Harness, all Inlet and Valve Disks, M1 QDDT Adapter and Drinking Tube, and the Internal Drinking Straw.

The Army was immediately interested in the prospect and awarded Campbell Plastics a contract for 60,000 XM45 Masks on August 7, 1997. Design/CAD Modelling, assembly, and distribution was carried out by Campbell Plastics while the manufacture of plastic components was carried out through adjacent Acorn-Gencon Plastics and the silicone faceblanks, nosecups, and butyl secondary skins were molded by the West American Rubber Co. (later known as WARCO-Biltrite and Rubbercraft Corporation of California) of Orange, California. The plastic components were molded from M.A. Hanna Co.'s 6/12-Type Nylon with a 33% glass content for the voicemitter housings, valve ports, and lens frames, and GE Plastics' OQ-2320 Polycarbonate for the lenses and outserts.

Also around this 1995, evaluation of the XM45 for use with armored vehicle crewmen was abandoned for not being remarkable in performance and cost when compared to the new M42A2 Mask replacement program, and the recently-initiated Land Warrior Project began to investigate use of the XM45 Mask once again as an M40 replacement for ground forces. These Land Warrior-modified XM45's can be identified through their lack of an aircrew hose assembly, use of a direct-mounted canister, and the smaller 'Land Warrior' Microphone Assembly with Dust Cover and 3-pin Connector Cable.

Patent Wars[]

U.S

These new, upgraded plastic components were a grand departure from the previous aluminum crimps and milled components of past U.S. design - The outlet valve assembly was one of the first to feature not only a drinking system, but also a microphone port housing that allowed for an integral microphone assembly to be used with the mask. Campbell was respectfully very protective of his innovations, and filed a patent for the XM45 Mask. However, Campbell's reports to the Army throughout the duration of development were failing to meet the "release of invention" demands, and the act of patenting his invention sparked a long legal battle over the rights to the XM45's sonic-welded technologies.

  • On October 6, 1993, Mr. Campbell received a notice that a DD Form 882, which required updates on invention and subcontract, was due, and that he had 10 days to submit it.
  • On October 18th, 1993, Campbell submitted the form, which was well overdue, but did not disclose the nature of his invention.
  • On June 6, 1994, a progress update was given remarking satisfaction with the sonic-welding process for the eyepieces.
  • On September 15, 1994, Richard Campbell once again submitted a DD Form 882 that released no statement of invention with no further forms submitted for the remainder of that contract period.
  • Between October 7 and November 8th, Campbell continued to update progress on setting up sonic welding procedures.
  • On February 7 and November 24, 1995, Campbell faxed diagrams detailing changes to the eyepiece shape to facilitate sonic welded lens frames.
  • On June 1997, the full details of Campbell's invention were released in a full field report of the XM45 Chemical-Biological Aircrew Protective Mask.
  • On August 1997, Campbell contacted an attorney to aid in patenting his sonic-welded mask concepts, with the application filed on October 9, 1997 and issued on April 20, 1999.
Campbell M45 Markings

M45 CB Mask Manufacturer's Markings for Campbell Plastics Engineering and Manufacturing Co. These makings would cease to appear in production again after 1999.

It was at this point, the Army began to dispute the terms of Campbell's patent, claiming a joint ownership of the concepts, having been developed under government funding, and the patent rights were forfeited to the U.S. government for Campbell's reported failure to comply with FAR 52.227-11. Production of the M45 CB Mask under Campbell Plastics Eng. Co. was halted sometime after 1999 and production assets were seized by the Army.

On March 14, 2001, Richard Campbell appealed to overturn this decision, claiming that he had, in fact, disclosed all available details of the invention (albeit not in the form of a DD Form 882, as was outlined as a requirement by his contract), and that the forfeiture of the patent should not be determined by favoritism, especially "where the government suffered no genuine harm". Overall, the object of Campbell's appeal argued that any actions against the terms of his contract were not grounds to forfeit his patent.

The board ultimately rejected Campbell's appeal, ruling that Richard Campbell had failed to satisfy obligation of reporting to the Army that his sonic welding process was regarded as an invention. Further stating that any full details received as a result of the Army's study of Campbell's patent or release of field reports was not as a result of Campbell's cooperation. Consequentially, the board also found that in accordance with FAR 52.227-11(d), the government may be granted the right to claim the title of an invention, which the U.S. army showed no signs of abuse in doing so.

Further appeals by Campbell would ultimately be turned down, and on November 10, 2004, the case of Campbell Plastics Engineering & Manufacturing Inc. v. Les Brownlee, Acting Secretary of the Army was closed, with production of the M45 Mask by this point already being handled entirely by the Government. Sometime between 1999 and 2002, Campbell Plastics Engineering and Manufacturing Co. would go out of business, and the company building would be under the control of Acorn-Gencon Plastics. Richard Campbell, however would continue to offer his CAD Engineering Services well after his company fell through.

Pine Bluff Arsenal/End of Production[]

In 2002, while the appeals process was being handled, Edgewood Chemical-Biological center established a production center for the M45 CB Mask at Pine Bluff Arsenal, where assembly, inspection, packaging, and distribution would all be handled under one roof. While Acorn-Gencon Plastics and the West American Rubber Co. (later contracted as Rubbercraft Corporation of California) still manufactured the components, they would now be marked to their respective origin countries - post-2002 contract M45 Face Blanks and Nose Cups, which were previously marked 'CMB', would now be stamped 'WARCO' on the date roundel with 'PBA' leading the serial number. Later production M45 Faceblanks under Rubbercraft Corporation of California would be labelled 'RCC' on the date roundel.

The last active contract for the M45 CB Mask was completed on July 21, 2015.

M45 Chemical-Biological Aircrew Protective Mask (ACPM)[]

M45 NBC Mask (Aircrew Model)

The M45 Chemical-Biological Aircrew Protective Mask.

The main and primary use of the M45 Mask was with Army Aircrews (except Apache pilots, who continued to use the Type I M43, M43A1, and M48 Masks). The M45 ACPM (aka "Air Warrior") kit can readily be identified with the use of a standard Non-Metallic M42A2 Hose with a small OD Webbing Strap on the Canister end, as well as a unique accessory known as a 'canister baffle' - a ventilated plug for the C2 or C2A1 Canister that prevents gear or clothing from inhibiting the air intake. On occasion, the M45 Air Warrior Mask can be seen using the Micronel C211 Blower, a unique and compact blower unit assembly, in the form of a rubber cup with a blower fan and motor that fits snug over the canister assembly.

The Air Warrior M45 is famously used by UH-60 Blackhawk and other rotary wing pilots in need of Chemical-Biological Protection. The mask as of 2021 is slowly beginning to become phased out of service with the M69 Aircrew Mask, a modification of the M53A1 Mask which features aircrew-specific features. The Air Warrior Kit is the longest-lasting M45 Variant in service.

M45 Chemical-Biological Land Warrior Protective Mask[]

M45 CB Mask

An M45 Chemical-Biological Land Warrior Mask, made by Campbell Plastics in 1998.

While the main and primary adopted role of the M45 was as a modern aircrew protective mask system, the M45 CB Mask saw a considerable amount of testing with U.S. Army ground forces as a part of the then-ongoing Land Warrior program, originally proposed under the designation "XM47", which was eventually dropped after 1997. While the M45 CB Mask was never officially adopted as a standard protective mask, it was issued to those who were incapable of fitting the M40 Series (U.S. Army/Marine Corps) or MCU-2/P Series (U.S. Navy) masks, as well as being the standard protective mask of the U.S. Special Operations Command, until its replacement with the M53/M53A1.

The size Medium M45 was smaller than an M40 Medium while a size Large M45 was larger than an M40 Large, and the M45's 6 interchangeable nose cups allowed for a great variety of accommodation for odd facial shapes, and the compatibility with NVG's, communications equipment, and other USSOCOM equipment made the M45 a natural for special forces use, being adopted by U.S. Army (Delta Force) and Navy SEAL/VBSS Teams alike. It was also used extensively by U.S. Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal Mobile Units (EODMU) alongside the M40A1.

Variants and Accessories[]

Wilcox P/N 23100G01 Exhaust Valve Kit[]

Wilcox Exhaust Valve Kit, also known as the Wilcox Spring-Assist Valve (SAV) or simply the "Wilcox Valve", was a modification offered by the Wilcox Industries Corporation for adapting the M45 Mask (and others) for their Patriot Hybrid Life Support System and subsequently used with the C420 and IPAPR Blower Units. The assembly is comprised of three main components:

  • Adapter Housing - A nylon plastic shell which replaces the original rubber outlet valve cover to house the purge valve. This component is permanently epoxied on to the mask's valve seat using a red adhesive. It features alignment cutouts for the drinking/mic ports and the mounting stud for the original cover.
  • Spring Loaded Purge Valve - A Scott P/N 201585 Exhalation Valve. This spring-loaded valve assembly was designed specifically for creating positive pressure in the mask to prevent ingress of CB agents should the facepiece leak while running under PAPR/SCBA airflow. The positive pressure also creates a momentary reserve of air in the mask so the user isn't breathing against a continuous free-flow.
  • Retainer Cap - A simple conical cap made of nylon plastic that threads onto the Adapter Housing to secure the Purge Valve.

These were not a production mask, but rather an in-house modification offered by Wilcox themselves. Similar modifications for the M40, Millennium, and FM12 Masks were also offered under this catalog. The M45-specific modification was used almost exclusively by U.S. CAG/Delta Force, Navy SEAL/DEVGRU, and other U.S. Special Forces units, and Wilcox Industries does not presently market nor acknowledge this valve kit, making it a very rare accessory. Most often, they can be seen used as training masks, where the added breathing resistance of the valve helps train the operator's lungs.

Chemical-Biological Hood Assembly[]

There were 3 main protective hood designs for the M45 Chemical-Biological Mask Series -

  • Hood, Chemical-Biological Mask, M45 - aka "M45 Quick Doff", made of butyl-Coated Nylon, has facial opening, used in conjunction with Butyl Secondary Skin. Most common M45 Hood.
  • Separate Hood Assembly - aka "Butyl Sewn-In Hood". In essence, a standard M45 Hood with a Butyl Secondary Skin patched in as one piece. Unlike what the moniker implies, the secondary skin is not sewn in, only glued. It is believed these hoods were made exclusively for Special Forces to use with the Battle Dress Overgarment (BDO) and JSLIST Type VII Suits.
  • AP-PPE Separate Hood Assembly - aka "M45 Sewn-In Hood", "M45 ChemPak Hood". The last hood designed for the M45, designed to integrate with the All-Purpose Personal Protective Ensemble (AP-PPE) Suit. Similarly patterned to the last design, the Butyl Skin is permanently attached to the hood, except the material is GORE ChemPak Selectively Permeable Barrier Fabric rather than Butyl-Coated Nylon. A Neoprene and Loop Velcro Internal Collar allows the hood to attach to the AP-PPE Collar.

Optical Inserts[]

M45 Optical Inserts

M45 Optical Inserts.

One of the rarest accessories for the M45 CB Mask are its Corrective Optical Inserts (NSN: 4240-01-443-5489). These, essentially being a pair of prescription lenses that are inserted inside the lenses of the mask to allow the user to see properly in a CBRN environment. None have been known to surface on the surplus market as few were likely produced or procured given the mask's nature as a special forces or aircrew mask, where optical deficiencies are likely less-tolerated.

Optical inserts are often manufactured at army medical labs and are designed to user specifications. Factors considered in the development of a set of M45 Optical inserts are eye size, bridge size, vision quality of the user, temple size, whether or not the application of tint is necessary. The lenses are manufactured by NOSTRA ( Naval Ophthalmic Support and Training Activity) by their Navy Medical Department.

All optical inserts are issued in a cardboard box with a vinyl case along with issue paper work.

US M45 optical inserts installed


M7A1 Mask Amplifier and Adapter Ring Assembly[]

The M7A1 Mask Amplifier Unit is a small, compact Voice Projection Unit which amplifies the user's voice to normal talking level. It is intrinsically safe and cannot ignite a flame in a flammable environment, features an additional switch on the back of the unit to keep the unit turned off unless the switch is depressed against the mask's voicemitter, and has a dummy cable, which is looped around the canister port to prevent loss of the unit in rough combat. The unit itself runs off two standard 'AAA' alkaline batteries.

Due to the M45's original voicemitter design, the clips on the M7A1 Amplifier cannot work with the M45 Mask as it does with the voicemitters of M40 and MCU-2/P Masks. To remedy this, a nylon plastic clip-on adapter ring was developed to provide a mounting surface for the Amplifier to mount onto. These rings are notoriously rare and are never found on their own - they came packaged with the M7A1 Amplifier, which is rare to find, as these were limited procurement for U.S. Special Forces and EOD Teams using the M45 Mask, and it is possible many were also surplussed out for Law Enforcement for use with MSA Millennium Masks, where the rings were promptly discarded. The M7A1 Amplifier alone can sometimes be found, but as previously mentioned, are now a rarity in and of themselves, as many are bought up for use with MSA Millennium Masks.

Lens Outserts[]

M45 Neutral Gray Outserts

M45 Neutral Gray Lens Outserts in Wrapper.

One of the features of the M45 mask is its ability to use external, snap-on polycarbonate lens 'outserts', which protect the lenses of the mask from scratching/damage. Only three sets are known to exist - clear, neutral grey/tinted (for sun glare), and green (laser protective). The lens outserts are known to be troublesome, as a slight bump to the removal tab at the outer edge can easily dislodge the outsert.

Lens outserts are one of the few accessories for the M45 CB Mask that can be occasionally found on their own, often still in original packaging. However, the laser protective outserts (NSN: 4244-01-441-5498) are much rarer and none have appeared on the surplus market.

⁣Dynamic Microphone Element and Microphone Positioner[]

M45 Interior (2)

The interior of the M45 CB Mask, showing M-101/AIC microphone and Positioner in place. Also notice the Internal Drinking Straw. From the GasMaskBunker Collection.

The M45 CB Mask offers the ability to use an integrally-mounted microphone assembly for interlinking with standard communications equipment. The M-101/AIC or M-133/U Dynamic Microphone Element is carried over from the M42 and MCU-2A/P Protective Masks, keeping the hardware consistent. Due to the internal mic port existing on the outlet valve, rather than the voice emitter, a Microphone Positioner is provided to mount the microphone element at a reasonable location inside the nosecup.

The Microphone Positioner consists of a small length of stiff cable, which can be bent to the desired position, with a 3-pin connector on one end for the mask, and a 2-pin connector on the other for the microphone element. A 2 or 3-pin cable is plugged into the external microphone port on the outlet valve assembly so that the M45 Mask may be integrated with whatever communications equipment the user happens to be running. Both the M/101-AIC Dynamic Microphone Element and Microphone Positioner can be readily found unissued in their original packaging.

It should be noted that the mic positioners will often dislodge themselves over time as the mask is flexed and handled, so one should frequently push the 3-pin connector of the microphone positioner down into the connection port inside the mask. Additionally, the M-101/AIC Microphone is far too underpowered to be used with most modern or commercial communications equipment, so an aviation-grade oxygen mask amplifier cable adapter will need to be used to boost the quality of the microphone up enough for voices to be picked up.

C211 Continuous Air Supply Unit[]

The C211 Blower was originally developed by Swiss firm Micronel AG (who would later develop the C411, C420, and IPAPR Blowers) and used as a components of the British AR-5 Aircrew Respirator. In 1991, the U.S. experimented with the blowers as an interim replacement for the bulky and complicated blowers of the M43 and M43A1 Chemical-Biological Aircraft Mask, resulting in the M43A2. When the M48 was adopted as standard for Apache Crews , several of the M43A2 LWPAPR blowers were reconditioned with a single-pin jack connector for use with the M45 CB Air Warrior Mask as part of the ongoing 'Air Warrior' Program. It was a short-lived accessory as Army logistical teams felt that the M45's offset nosecup valve disks was effective enough to warrant not providing a blower with the M45 Mask.

*Note - it is unlikely the 3-pin M43A2 'LWPAPR' Configuration was ever utilized with the M45 Mask, as most evidence of M45 Air Warrior Masks using these blowers are the modified single-pin variety with ferrite beads on the power cables and used without the Racal LWPAPR Battery/Control Unit.

Closed Circuit Breathing Apparatus (CCBA) Adapter[]

CCBA M45

The only known image of the CCBA M45.

Little is known about this accessory/modification other than that it entailed an adapter which attached onto the exhalation valve seat (not dissimilar to the later Wilcox Exhaust Valve) which incorporated a 40mm NATO Female Port so that a second hose could be connected to complete the breathing loop of a CCBA/Oxygen Rebreather Unit. Additionally, there appears to be an additional adapter block, mounted belt level, which accommodates a standard C2/C2A1 Canister, should the user be out of the oxygen-deficient environment but still require CBRN protection.

The entire arrangement appears to integrate with a heavily-modified Biomarine Biopak 240 Oxygen Rebreather System, and given the presence of an experimental voice projection unit and an older Battle Dress Overgarment in the lone photograph available, it can be ascertained this setup was tested around some point in the mid to late 1990's, likely part of USSOCOM evaluating the XM45/XM47 Program. Such a setup would be necessary if concentrations of CBRN Agents were high enough to forgo all possibility of using a standard filtering canister or PAPR unit, but the mission also required a longer duration of time operating in the 'hot zone' with minimal bulk that an SCBA unit would not be able to provide. Naturally, a CCBA Unit is relatively lighter and is completely self-contained, relying only on filtering the user's exhaled carbon dioxide.

Normally in most cases where CCBA Units are utilized by the military, they are for special purpose roles and do not require anything different from the default industrial facepiece that comes with the unit. However, there can be many cases for SOF Units where the operating environment is or may become oxygen-deficient in a CBRN or Toxic Industrial scenario, and having the protection of a CCBA while not losing the tactical advantage of their standard protective mask's integral comms and optically-compatible lenses would be an excellent reason for the pursuit of such a system. Due to a lack of official reference, description, documentation, or reports, it is unknown to what extent this system was fielded, much less if it was adopted at any point.

In Popular Culture[]

Mobile Task Force Epsion-11 'Nine-Tailed Fox'

MTF 'Nine-Tailed Fox'.

The M45 CB Mask, while famous for its special operations use, has interestingly not been featured in very many films or video games. The most famous appearance of the M45 CB Mask in pop culture is its use in the character models for the Mobile Task Force Epsilon-11 "Nine-Tailed Fox", in the game 'SCP: Containment Breach, where the facepieces are featured without filters, despite filters and voice projection units having been modeled earlier in development.

Gallery[]

References[]

  1. SpecWarGear - Gas Masks
  2. SpecWarGear - M45 Chem-Bio Gas Mask (Standard & PAPR version)
  3. Plastic News - CAMPBELL WINS GAS MASK CONTRACT
  4. RC Product Development & Engineering - Product Development
  5. RC Product Development & Engineering - CAD
  6. Campbell Plastics Engineering & Mfg., Inc. v. Brownlee
  7. Military Contractor Forfeits Patent Rights: Company Failed to Properly Disclose Invention
  8. U.S. Patent #US5895537A - Sonic Welded Gas Mask and Process (XM45 Patent)
  9. U.S. Patent #USH883H - Protective Mask (XM44 Patent)
  10. XM45 Gas Mask - Rick Campbell
  11. Pine Bluff Arsenal - Chemical and Biological Defense Protection (YouTube)
  12. Mask History - Infantry or General-Purpose Mask by Major Robert D. Walk
  13. Army Aviators' Mask for Chemical Warfare Defense by Lieutenant Colonel Robert D. Walk
  14. Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense - USSOCOM CBRN Conference Slideshow, December 6, 2005(PDF Link)
  15. M45 Aircrew Chemical-Biological Mask System
  16. Chemical Defense Equipment, Chapter 16(PDF Link)
  17. Chemical Defense Equipment, Chapter 17 (PDF Link)
  18. Audiopack - Protective Mask Amplifiers
  19. TM 3-4240-341-20&P - Unit Maintenance Manual for Mask, Chemical-Bioloigcal, M45
  20. TM 3-4240-348-10 - Operator Instructions for Mask, Chemical-Biological, Land Warrior, M45
  21. Research Report 1640 - Soldier Integrated Protective Ensemble: The Soldiers' Perspective (PDF Link)
  22. Technical Report T00-93 - A Psychological Evaluation of the Soldier Integrated Protective Ensemble (SIPE) Clothing System (PDF Link)
  23. HARDMAN III Analysis of the Land Warrior System (1996) (PDF Link)
  24. AMC 1990 Technology Expo (Pre-SIPE Reference (Image) of XM44 on Page 161, PDF Link)
  25. Infantry Protection From Flame, Nuclear, Flash, Chemical Warfare Agents and Laser Threats, GEOMET Technologies, 1992 (PDF Link)
  26. SOLDIER INTEGRATED PROTECTIVE ENSEMBLE (SIPE) ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION, SBCCOM, 2000 (PDF Link)
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